Questões de Língua Inglesa

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    In teaching, “fidelity” refers to closely following specific procedures for how to teach a lesson or respond to student behavior. For example, following a curriculum to fidelity might mean a teacher is required to read from a script, use a certain tone or expression, or teach from a designated page in a guidebook on a specific day. While prevalent across the country, this kind of micromanaging is more common in schools that serve low-income and minority students. 

    I’m a former elementary school teacher in the United States and I now study how teachers make ethical decisions. This includes how they observe their students and try to help them – regardless of whether their decisions align with a prescribed curriculum.

    In a recent study, I interviewed 12 teachers about how they deal with problems that arise in the classroom every day. These teachers discussed how they came up with responses based on best practices they had learned from their own experience as teachers. They also spoke of the knowledge acquired in professional development courses. 

    Of the nine who worked in public schools, however, all but one of the teachers were influenced by pressure to follow a curriculum to fidelity. This kindergarten teacher described how, when she was teaching preschool, her students who lived in a rural area did not understand references to crossing busy city streets in a book she was required to read as part of the curriculum. She brought her students outside to the parking lot to practice street crossing and listen to the noises of local traffic. This was not part of the curriculum. Had the teacher followed the curriculum strictly, the students may not have been able to grasp the lesson from the book.

    Research shows that flexibility in teaching methods and curricula allows teachers and students to participate more fully in the learning process – and even promotes a more democratic society. Instead of mandating that teachers stick to the curriculum word for word, schools should trust teachers and ask why they want to teach. Working with teachers should begin with the belief in their good intentions.


(Cara Elizabeth Furman. http://theconversation.com, 11.12.2024. Adaptado)
In the fragment from the first paragraph “following a curriculum to fidelity might mean a teacher is required to”, the bolded modal verb carries the idea of

   Many studies reveal the contributions of plant breeding and agronomy to farm productivity and their role in reshaping global diets. However, historical accounts also implicate these sciences in the creation of new problems, from novel disease vulnerabilities propagated through industrial monocrops to the negative ecological and public health consequences of crops dependent on chemical inputs and industrialized food systems more generally.

   Increasingly, historical analyses also highlight the expertise variously usurped, overlooked, abandoned, or suppressed in the pursuit of “modern” agricultural science. Experiment stations and “improved” plants were instruments of colonialism, means of controlling lands and lives of peoples typically labeled as “primitive” and “backward” by imperial authorities. In many cases, the assumptions of colonial improvers persisted in the international development programs that have sought since the mid-20th century to deliver “modern” science to farming communities in the Global South.


   Awareness of these issues has brought alternative domains of crop science such as agroecology to the fore in recent decades, as researchers reconcile the need for robust crop knowledge and know-how with the imperatives of addressing social and environmental injustice.


Helen Anne Curry; Ryan Nehring. The history of crop science and the future of food. Internet:<nph.onlinelibrary.wiley.com (adapted)

Judge the following items about the text above. 



According to the text, the farming communities in the Global South are no longer under the assumptions typical of the “international development programs” created in the 20th century.

Leia o texto para responder à questão.


Q27_34.png (345×238)


    In teaching, “fidelity” refers to closely following specific procedures for how to teach a lesson or respond to student behavior. For example, following a curriculum to fidelity might mean a teacher is required to read from a script, use a certain tone or expression, or teach from a designated page in a guidebook on a specific day. While prevalent across the country, this kind of micromanaging is more common in schools that serve low-income and minority students. 

    I’m a former elementary school teacher in the United States and I now study how teachers make ethical decisions. This includes how they observe their students and try to help them – regardless of whether their decisions align with a prescribed curriculum.

    In a recent study, I interviewed 12 teachers about how they deal with problems that arise in the classroom every day. These teachers discussed how they came up with responses based on best practices they had learned from their own experience as teachers. They also spoke of the knowledge acquired in professional development courses. 

    Of the nine who worked in public schools, however, all but one of the teachers were influenced by pressure to follow a curriculum to fidelity. This kindergarten teacher described how, when she was teaching preschool, her students who lived in a rural area did not understand references to crossing busy city streets in a book she was required to read as part of the curriculum. She brought her students outside to the parking lot to practice street crossing and listen to the noises of local traffic. This was not part of the curriculum. Had the teacher followed the curriculum strictly, the students may not have been able to grasp the lesson from the book.

    Research shows that flexibility in teaching methods and curricula allows teachers and students to participate more fully in the learning process – and even promotes a more democratic society. Instead of mandating that teachers stick to the curriculum word for word, schools should trust teachers and ask why they want to teach. Working with teachers should begin with the belief in their good intentions.


(Cara Elizabeth Furman. http://theconversation.com, 11.12.2024. Adaptado)
The author’s main argument in the text can be summarized as: 

The word “who” in “Taking the reins from Jimmy Kimmel, who oversaw proceedings in 2023 and 2024, will be the beloved comedian Conan O’Brien” (l. 22–23) introduces a(an):

   Many studies reveal the contributions of plant breeding and agronomy to farm productivity and their role in reshaping global diets. However, historical accounts also implicate these sciences in the creation of new problems, from novel disease vulnerabilities propagated through industrial monocrops to the negative ecological and public health consequences of crops dependent on chemical inputs and industrialized food systems more generally.

   Increasingly, historical analyses also highlight the expertise variously usurped, overlooked, abandoned, or suppressed in the pursuit of “modern” agricultural science. Experiment stations and “improved” plants were instruments of colonialism, means of controlling lands and lives of peoples typically labeled as “primitive” and “backward” by imperial authorities. In many cases, the assumptions of colonial improvers persisted in the international development programs that have sought since the mid-20th century to deliver “modern” science to farming communities in the Global South. 

   Awareness of these issues has brought alternative domains of crop science such as agroecology to the fore in recent decades, as researchers reconcile the need for robust crop knowledge and know-how with the imperatives of addressing social and environmental injustice.


Helen Anne Curry; Ryan Nehring. The history of crop science and the future of food. Internet: (adapted)

Judge the following items about the text above. 


The presence of inverted commas (“) in “primitive” and “backward” indicate that the authors agree with the descriptions used by imperial authorities to define some specific peoples.  

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