Questões de Língua Inglesa do ano 2025

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      When we set out to study pandemic-related changes in schools, we thought we’d find that learning management systems that rely on technology to improve teaching would make educators’ jobs easier. We believed technology would mean positive stimulus to teachers. Instead, our data and analyses showed that teachers whose schools were using learning management systems had higher rates of burnout.

      During the phenomenon of the covid-19 pandemic, when schools across the country were under lockdown orders, schools adopted new technologies to facilitate remote learning during the crisis. These technologies included learning management systems, which are online platforms that help educators organize and keep track of their coursework.

     We were puzzled to find that teachers who used a learning management system such as Canvas or Schoology reported higher levels of burnout. Ideally, these tools should have simplified their jobs. We also thought these systems would improve teachers’ ability to organize documents and assignments, mainly because they would house everything digitally, and thus, reduce the need to print documents or bring piles of student work home to grade.

   However, the data told a different story. Instead of being used to replace old ways of completing tasks, the learning management systems were simply another thing on teachers’ plates.

(David T. Marshall, Teanna Moore & Timothy Pressley, 01.07.2025. Disponível em: https://theconversation.com. Adaptado)

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     A common set of communication devices involves compensation for missing knowledge. These are called “compensatory strategies”. We will elaborate here on three of them.

   Typical of beginning-level learners, for example, is the memorization of certain phrases or sentences without internalized knowledge of their components. These memorized chunks of language, known as prefabricated patterns, include “on the way to”, “Nice to meet you”, “I don’t speak English.” Prefabricated patterns are sometimes the source of some fun. In my first days of Kikongo learning in Africa, I tried to say, in Kikongo, “I don’t know Kikongo” to those who attempted to converse with me; I later discovered that, instead of saying “Kizeyi Kikongo ko”, I had said “Kizoiele Kikongo ko” (I don’t like Kikongo).

    Code-switching is the use of a first or third language within a stream of speech in the second language. Learners in the early stages of acquisition might code-switch—use their native language to fill in missing knowledge—whether the hearer knows that native language or not. Sometimes the learner slips in just a word or two, in the hope that the hearer will get the gist of what is being communicated.

    Yet another common compensatory strategy is a direct appeal for help, often termed appeal to authority. Learners may, if stuck for a particular word or phrase, directly ask a proficient speaker or the teacher for the form (“How do you say            ?”). Or they might venture a possible guess and then ask for verification from the proficient speaker. They might also appeal to a bilingual dictionary for help. The latter case can also produce some rather amusing situations. Once a student of English as a second language, when asked to introduce himself to the class and the teacher, said, “Allow me to introduce myself and tell you some of the ...” At this point he quickly got out his pocket dictionary and, finding the word he wanted, continued, “some of the headlights of my past.”

(H. Douglas Brown. Disponível em: Principles of language learning and teaching, 2006. Adaptado)