Questões de Língua Inglesa da Banca não informada

Read the text below in order to answer questions 21 to 23:

A QUICK GLANCE AT BRAZIL'S ECONOMY

In January 1999, the real, Brazil's monetary unit, was devalued by approximately 50% against the U.S. dollar, causing many to speculate on the country's economic fate as it moved toward the year 2000. Confidence in the economy waned and predictions of high inflation and deep recession ensued.

However, several factors helped turn things around throughout 1999. Brazil entered into a funding agreement with the International Monetary Fund (IMF) for $41 billion; President Fernando Henrique Cardoso's administration implemented strong fiscal contraction measures, which generated higher-than-expected revenue collection; and the tradable goods sector expanded.

By the end of 1999 there were clear indications of a re-stabilisation of the Brazilian economy and an increase in the overall level of confidence in Brazilian recovery. Consumer inflation levelled off at approximately 9%, the exchange rate for the real stabilized at R1.789/$1, and the primary fiscal balance rose from 0% in 1998 to a 3.1% gross domestic product (GDP) surplus (thus meeting one of the targets of the IMF programme).

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The politics of administrative reform

Most countries of Latin America stabilized and opened their economies in the first generation of market oriented reforms in the 1980s and early 1990s. Now they face a much more costly and protracted task of rebuilding state capacity to deliver social services, regulate the economy, avoid recurrent fiscal crises, and improve the overall functioning of government. Why have some countries progressed further on administrative reform than other countries? Administrative reform usually starts with small groups of reformers within the executive branch. Among factors that facilitate reform are: balance of payments and fiscal crises, middle class and rural support, and the effective packaging of reform initiatives. Contrary to much of the literature, the nature of the party system (cohesion, discipline and parity) does not explain much of the variation in reform experiences.

According to the text, reform experiences consist of

Para responder às questões de números 54 a 58, considere o texto abaixo.

Segundo o texto, o autor

Para responder às questões de números 54 a 58, considere o texto abaixo.

Para responder às questões de números 54 a 58, considere o texto abaixo.