to describe in a few words an investigation and its results on the cognitive and linguistic factors that have an influence on reading comprehension in English-as-a-Second-Language (ESL) speakers.

to detail the cognitive aspects of reading comprehension among L1 speakers and ESL speakers in the seventh grade.

to raise awareness about the importance of reading comprehension.

to comprehend a study on how comprehension depends on a variety of phonological, memory and linguistic processes.

to prove that reading comprehension is a multi-dimensional process.

It can be inferred that the GC group performing better than the PC group was not expected

Research and theories of comprehension are more commonly based on English as a Second Language.

The group of students that was investigated was from kindergarten.

Some aspects used as comparison between L1 and ESL speakers were word reading, word reading fluency, phonological awareness, working memory, and morphological and syntactic awareness.

The sample group was divided in three, according to the ages of their members.

‘Pick up’ in the comic strip means make a place tidy.

Calvin did not understand his mother’s question.

It is impossible to lift a room, therefore, it is impossible to pick up a room.

Calvin thinks his mother is not sentimental.

The mother did not understand the joke.

Wheatley’s poem To S. M., a Young African Painter, on seeing His Works showed how immoral slavery was.

Wheatley never wrote about discrimination.

Phillis is considered “an exceptional slave woman” (l.3) because she worked hard for the Wheatleys.

Phillis Wheatley was taken to Boston, Massachusetts, when she was already an adult.

Phillis Wheatley learned to read and write with the help of Mary Wheatley.

The character was afraid to disappoint his father.

The sentence He drank his way across the narrow sea (l.1) indicates that the character was sober the whole trip.

The character could be on the top level of the ship.

It can be inferred that the bread was rotten.

It was the food, not the movement of the ship, that made the character feel sick.

It can be inferred that “wretched” (l.4) has a positive meaning.

Food would come back from the character’s is stomach, but not wine.

The character believes he cannot substitute food for wine.

The character’s cabin was short of light.

The word “rocking” (l.3) refers to the movement of the ship.

There has not been any immigration in the United States in the late 20th century.

Literature in the U.S today is not as dazzlingly diverse, exciting and evolving as in the past.

Literary traditions were adapted because the conditions of the national life had been changing.

The United States is the most diverse nation in the world.

Less than 5% of U.S population is foreign-born individuals.

The diversity of the American population has had a positive influence in American literature.

Underrepresented groups option express themselves fully.

Immigrants have had no part in the American literature.

International writers are not suitable to write about the United States culture.

American literature at the turn of the 21st century is still restricted to few American.

god and His work on mankind

growing old and not forgetting the things that make you happy

a man’s death wish

the effect of a rainbow on people’s beliefs

small things that affect father and son relationship forever

feedback should only be provided at the end of the task after students hand in their compositions to be marked.

in the writing class teachers should take into account the learners’ purposes for writing, which transcend that of producing texts for teacher evaluation.

the main focus when a writing task is assigned is on the final product.

teachers should assign students a writing topic and then collect the finished product for correction without intervening in the writing process itself.

focusing on language errors improves grammatical accuracy and writing fluency.