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It can be inferred that the GC group performing better than the PC group was not expected

Research and theories of comprehension are more commonly based on English as a Second Language.

The group of students that was investigated was from kindergarten.

Some aspects used as comparison between L1 and ESL speakers were word reading, word reading fluency, phonological awareness, working memory, and morphological and syntactic awareness.

The sample group was divided in three, according to the ages of their members.