means excessive parallel or alternate paths.

architects use when projecting alternative roads.

is considered an unnecessary duplication of efforts.

is a thechnique that can be used to help achieving higher dependability.

is supposed to be the definitive solution to improve performance of computer systems.

System and component redundancy are two out of many general ways to deal with redundancy implementation.

Component redundancy uses two identical systems in parallel in order to improve reliability.

In a context of system redundancy, in case of an unsuccessful operation of the active system, another system can be turned on to substitute for the one that failed.

The use of a hot backup system must be avoided.

The backup system cannot become active.

The hot backup system is a useless redundant variation of the prime system.

In a hot backup system, the prime system is always off and the backup system is always on.

There are manual and automatic approaches to detecting system failures.

The automatic recognition of system failures affects the failed system.

In the advent of failure, the failed system is disconnected from the backup system.

the implementation of a redundant system depends, more than anything else, on software and firmware.

every built-in test is present in both software and firmware.

built-in tests have at most three functions.

one of the functions of software is to watch the clock.

one of the functions of software is to check the point.

The main concerns in system redundancy implementation are also found in component redundancy implementation.

The redundancy of a critical component may help achieving reliability requirements.

In the redundant car braking system mentioned in the text, the master brake cylinder is redundant, whereas the brake pedal and linkage are not.

Failure can be avoided once a system redundancy is switched on.

The redundant brake system mentioned in the text could be considered to be a fault tolerant system.