Based on the information presented in Text I, the expression in bold type and the item in parenthesis are semantically equivalent in 
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The article “a”, in “but a gene could” (line 2), refers to a specific gene.
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The modal auxiliary would can be used instead of “could” in “A baby born today could live” (line 1) without affecting the meaning of the sentence.
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Nowadays there are far more centenarians than expected.
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“which”, in “which seemed an exceptional achievement” (lines 5 and 6), can be correctly replaced by what.
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“Besides”, in “Besides being at least 80” (line 7), and in addition to are synonyms.
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“others”, in “among others” (line 12), cannot be correctly replaced by another.
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The relative pronoun which is a correct alternative for “who” in “centenarians who neither smoke nor drink” (line 15).
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“this”, in “this small community” (lines 14 and 15), is the singular form of these.
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A synonymous word for “thus”, in “It is thus widely believed” (lines 16 and 17), is therefore.