a poster of a graphically violent play based on William Shakespeare’s tragedy King Lear.

the cover of a novel written by Gareth Hinds, inspired by William Shakespeare’s tragedy King Lear.

the cover of a comic book aimed at young people.

the cover of an abridged, and more graphic, version of King Lear.

I. line from a poem; II. line from a poem; III. educational text.

I. newspaper headline; II. line from a poem; III. instructions of how to fill a form.

I. a slogan; II. the opening sentence of a fairy tale; III. Instructions from a user’s guide.

I. cover story from a magazine; II. the opening line of a novel; III. instructions from a user’s guide.

in Ireland, the English language was adopted both by the Catholic church and the nationalist movement as a way of conciliation.

the Irish native language was supplanted by English because it became associated with poverty.

the adoption of English as the language of school instruction was a powerful tool to undermine the identity of the Irish people.

the Irish adopted the language of their conquerors because of the advantages it would bring to them.

On the other hand, the diverse linguistic and cultural backgrounds of different groups in Delhi do not appreciate diversity, with Bengalis and Tamilians speaking their own dialect.

On the other hand, the diverse linguistic and cultural backgrounds of different groups in Delhi promote diversity, with Bengalis and Tamilians wishing to speak standard English.

On the other hand, the diverse linguistic and cultural backgrounds of different groups in Delhi abhor diversity, with Bengalis speaking a ‘Bengali’ English and Tamilians speaking a “Tamil” English.

On the other hand, the diverse linguistic and cultural backgrounds of different groups in Delhi favour diversity, with Bengalis speaking a ‘Bengali’ English and Tamilians speaking a “Tamil” English.

it is necessary to establish a standard language in India, so everybody will be able to communicate as literate people do.

in India, English, initially, was an instrument of domination; now it is regarded as a cultural heirloom and, as such, must be preserved at any cost. Users should be aware that language does not belong only to a certain group of individuals, but to the whole nation.

the use of any language varies according to needs and motivations of its speakers. Therefore, any attempt at teaching a second language using a universal approach is suspect because it will not take in consideration local sociopolitical, educational and communicative needs.

India faces, nowadays, a linguistic dilemma: it wants the literacy and westernization associated to the English language, but, at the same time, the country is too diverse to adopt a single norm.

requesting something, saying good-bye.

talking differently to a baby than to an adult, rephrasing when misunderstood.

promising something, taking turns in conversation.

taking turns in conversation, rephrasing when misunderstood.

these modalities are too new to be studied

the modalities are changing and developing literally before our eyes

researchers have biased views regarding these modalities

the modalities are too complex

presents the opinion of a biased teacher who does not agree with the English programme adopted by her school.

presents the impartial opinion of a teacher who agrees with the English programme adopted by her school.

presents the opinion of a caring teacher who is concerned with the effectiveness of the English programme adopted by her school.

presents the candid opinion of a teacher who is not concerned about the way grammar is taught in her school.

tries to create a nightmarish setting.

focus on a dream, following Freud’s budding theories at the time.

shows the surprise of the narrator upon dealing with Heathcliff’s superstitions.

has elements of Gothic fiction.

The Picture of Dorian Gray

De Profundis

The Soul of Man Under Socialism

The Importance of Being Earnest