Pennycook defende o ensino de vocabulário, considerando o contexto no qual a palavra se encontra

Pennycook defende métodos de memorização para aprendizagem de vocabulário.

Pennycook não faz referência a ensino de vocabulário.

Pennycook privilegia o estudo de vocabulário no processo ensino-aprendizagem de língua estrangeira.

Pennycook sugere o ensino explícito de vocabulário, à medida que novas palavras forem surgindo.

"improvements" (line 12) and advances are antonyms.

"leading to" (lines 12-13) means preventing.

"duty" (line 15) and obligation are synonyms.

"roughly" (line 29) means precisely.

"prosperity" (line 43) is the opposite of abundance.

"Some people were thus freed from the duty to produce their own food," (lines 15-16).

"But it took another huge leap in technology," (lines 16-17).

"thanks to other inventions, such as soap, medicines and sewerage." (lines 21-22)

"Moreover, the cities growing fastest today are not, … in the richer parts of the world." (lines 33-35)

"Only if the new cities of the developing world can find…" (lines 41-42).

unlimited -broad.

limited - global.

forbidden - overall.

forbidden - overall

restrained - precise

here.

nowhere.

anywhere.

somewhere.

in no place.

"contributed" (line 3) – "overloading" (line 13).

"operating" (line 16) – "institutional" (line 18)

"working" (line 27) – "commercially" (line 39)

"restricted" (line 33) – "coordination" (line 42)

"rationalise" (line 43) – "winners" ( line 55)

by.

simply.

without.

if.

but.