The only –ing form which functions as an adjective in the passage is 
The verbs in which the final –ed is pronounced, respectively, as the phonemes /id/, /d/ and /t/ are 
The verbs or nouns in which the final –s or –es is pronounced, respectively, as the phonemes /z/, /iz/ and /z/ are 
… its … in line 12 refers to the noun 
The correct translation for …The more proficient learners become in their second language, the less likely they are to rely on strategic competence … is 
The correct passive voice for … he’s already planned an egalitarian strategy … is 
Choose the alternative that, according to the context, describes the correct category of highly, firstborn, sibling, too. 
The only verb that is not a synonym for … achieve…in line 2 is 
You do not add the suffix –ness to form nouns to the adjectives 
In the text,
the article "the", in the expression "in the March, 1982 issue of Atlantic Monthly" (L.4), is optional.
