… therefore … in line 17 can be correctly replaced by 
According to the passage, it is correct to conclude that 
The verb forms that correctly complete lines 14 and 15, respectively, are 
The only –ing form which functions as an adjective in the passage is 
The verbs in which the final –ed is pronounced, respectively, as the phonemes /id/, /d/ and /t/ are 
The verbs or nouns in which the final –s or –es is pronounced, respectively, as the phonemes /z/, /iz/ and /z/ are 
The alternative that contains words stressed on the first syllable is 
… its … in line 12 refers to the noun 
… Even though … in line 15 expresses 
After reading the passage, one can conclude that 